The failure of Venezuela's elites
Elites are the driving force behind decision-making [1] . Power is the tool they use to manage state resources, and the population acts as the source of legitimacy (in democracies) or as the workforce and support (in autocracies), always maintaining a structural command-obedience gap that is only altered when the elite loses its operational capacity. Since Spanish colonial times, Venezuelan elites have undergone constant and mostly traumatic transformations, leaving no room for an oligarchy like other societies in Latin America. The rise and fall of surnames and the instability of the productive process, always dependent on the external sector, have prevented the components of the elites from remaining the same. That is a reality that persists. There has only been one successful elite, and that is the one that was in power between 1928 and 1973, regardless of the form of government. These elites had a lubricant: oil revenues. Oil revenues. And with that, which is no easy feat, ...